01 手动变速箱（MT）

01 Manual Transmission (MT)

说到变速箱，历史最悠久的当数手动变速箱。手动变速箱又叫手动变速器（MT），还能称之为机械式变速器，手动变速箱的特点就是必须通过拨动挡把（变速杆）才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。

When it comes to gearboxes, the oldest is undoubtedly the manual gearbox. Manual transmission, also known as manual transmission (MT) or mechanical transmission, is characterized by the need to shift the gear lever to change the meshing position of the gears inside the transmission, adjust the transmission ratio, and achieve the purpose of shifting.

虽然说现在的车型越来越接近平民化，造车的趋势偏向便捷化，手动变速箱也在这样的趋势下逐渐被取代。但是，手动变速箱在赛车领域和部分消费人群中，主导地位依旧坚挺，就连一些高级跑车也依然沿用手动变速箱。

Although current car models are becoming increasingly popular and the trend in car manufacturing is towards convenience, manual transmissions are gradually being replaced in this trend. However, manual transmissions still hold a dominant position in the racing industry and among some consumer groups, even some high-end sports cars still use manual transmissions.

02手自一体变速箱（AMT）

02Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)

AMT（Automated Mechanical Transmission）变速箱可以理解为半自动变速箱，在自动变速箱还没有大面积推广的时期，半自动变速箱也是一款被普遍应用的变速箱。手动挡操作原理就是根据车速来自行调节挡位，以此来迎合车辆不同速度下所需要的转速。而AMT变速箱（自动离合手动变速箱）的出现则是为了智能化手动变速箱的操作原理。AMT变速箱能根据车速、油门、驾驶员命令等参数，确定最佳挡位，控制原来由驾驶员人工完成的离合器分离与接合、换挡手柄的退挡与挂挡以及发动机的油门开度的同步调节等操作过程，最终实现换挡过程的操纵自动化。在自动化的同时，还保持了手动变速箱所具备的优点。

AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) gearbox can be understood as a semi-automatic gearbox. During the period when automatic transmissions were not widely promoted, semi-automatic transmissions were also a widely used gearbox. The principle of manual transmission operation is to adjust the gear according to the vehicle speed, in order to meet the required speed of the vehicle at different speeds. The emergence of AMT gearbox (automatic clutch manual gearbox) is aimed at the operation principle of intelligent manual gearbox. The AMT gearbox can determine the optimal gear based on parameters such as vehicle speed, throttle, and driver commands, and control the manual processes of clutch disengagement and engagement, gear shift lever disengagement and engagement, and synchronous adjustment of engine throttle opening, ultimately achieving automation of the shifting process. While automating, it also maintains the advantages of manual transmissions.

03 液力自动变速箱（AT）

03 Hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT)

液力自动变速箱（以下简称：AT变速箱），相信对很多人来说都比较熟悉，常看到的6AT、8AT变速箱甚至是9AT变速箱，而这些数字则是代表该变速箱拥有的挡数。AT变速箱是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。其中液力变扭器是自动变速箱最重要的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，兼有传递扭矩和离合的作用。国内使用的自动变挡变速箱，一般来说都是AT变速箱。

Hydraulic automatic transmission (hereinafter referred to as AT transmission), I believe many people are familiar with it, commonly seen 6-speed automatic transmission, 8-speed automatic transmission, and even 9-speed automatic transmission, and these numbers represent the number of gears that the transmission has. The AT gearbox is composed of a hydraulic torque converter, planetary gears, and a hydraulic control system, which achieves variable speed and torque through hydraulic transmission and gear combination. The hydraulic torque converter is the most important component of an automatic transmission, consisting of pump wheels, turbine wheels, and guide wheels, and has the functions of transmitting torque and clutch. The automatic transmission used in China is generally an AT transmission.

04?无极变速箱（CVT）

04? Continuously variable transmission (CVT)

CVT（Continuously Variable Transmission）变速箱又被称为电控无级变速器，从名字中就可以听出，这种变速箱没有挡位等级之分，它在设计上完全摆脱了齿轮结构，依靠锥轮和钢带完成动力传递。这种结构能够连续改变传动比，不管在任何速度下，都能够保证车辆处于相对合适的转速，燃油经济性更好。按照结构不同，

The CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) gearbox, also known as an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission, has no gear level distinction. Its design completely eliminates the gear structure and relies on bevel wheels and steel strips to complete power transmission. This structure can continuously change the transmission ratio, ensuring that the vehicle is at a relatively suitable speed at any speed, resulting in better fuel economy. According to different structures,

05?双离合变速箱（DCT）

05? Dual clutch transmission (DCT)

DCT双离合变速箱，也有人称之为DSG（直接换挡变速器）），简单来说就是有两套离合器在同时工作，一套管理单数的齿轮，而另一套则管理双数的齿轮。这样的设计是为了避免传统手动挡换挡时中断动力的问题，之所以手动挡换挡时会出现动力中断，是因为离合器要中断马力进行齿轮切换，以达到转换转速的效果，而双离合的原理就是准备好另外一套离合器随时准备接替，第一时间换上不同的齿轮改变转速，以此来解决换挡时马力中断的问题。双离合变速箱根据不同的冷却方式又可以分为“干式”和“湿式”。其中，干式双离合变速箱采用风冷方式散热，散热能力有限，所以这种变速箱并不适合于暴力加速。湿式双离合变速箱由于加入了油冷技术，所以变速箱的散热性相对要高很多，即便是遇到堵车路段和暴力加速，变速箱也不会出现高温状态，整个变速箱的质量稳定相比干式双离合变速箱故障率要低很多。

DCT dual clutch transmission, also known as DSG (direct shift transmission), is simply two sets of clutches working simultaneously, one managing odd numbered gears and the other managing even numbered gears. This design is to avoid the problem of power interruption during traditional manual gear shifting. The reason why power interruption occurs during manual gear shifting is that the clutch needs to interrupt horsepower for gear switching to achieve the effect of converting speed. The principle of dual clutch is to prepare another set of clutch ready to take over at any time, and change different gears to change speed at the first time, in order to solve the problem of horsepower interruption during gear shifting. Dual clutch transmissions can be divided into "dry" and "wet" types based on different cooling methods. Among them, the dry dual clutch transmission adopts air cooling for heat dissipation, which has limited heat dissipation capacity, so this type of transmission is not suitable for violent acceleration. Due to the addition of oil cooling technology, the wet dual clutch transmission has relatively higher heat dissipation. Even in congested roads and violent acceleration, the transmission will not experience high temperatures. The overall quality of the transmission is stable, and the failure rate of the dry dual clutch transmission is much lower.

06?序列式变速箱（SMG）

06? Sequential Transmission (SMG)

除了以上这些变速箱之外，还有一种变速箱叫SMG（Sequential Manual Gearbox）序列式变速箱。可能很多朋友都是首次听说它的名字，其实这并不奇怪，因为序列式变速箱极少在出厂的量产车中使用，大部分序列式变速箱都是通过后期改装升级完成的。是一种基于手动变速箱的变速箱形式，变速箱内部还是由齿轮啮合传送动力，和手动变速箱相比，换挡的时候不需要踩离合，离合只在起步、停车时用，而且挡位清晰，只需往后拉或向前推即可完成换挡(这点和普通AT变速箱有区别，后面介绍)，减少了挂错档的概率。

In addition to the above mentioned gearboxes, there is another type of gearbox called SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox). Many friends may have heard of its name for the first time, but this is not surprising because sequential transmissions are rarely used in mass-produced cars. Most sequential transmissions are completed through later modifications and upgrades. It is a transmission form based on manual gearbox, and the power is still transmitted through gear meshing inside the gearbox. Compared with manual gearbox, there is no need to step on the clutch when shifting gears. The clutch is only used for starting and stopping, and the gears are clear. Simply pull back or push forward to complete the shift (this is different from ordinary AT gearbox, which will be introduced later), reducing the probability of shifting to the wrong gear.

这类变速箱因采用直齿设计而非手动变速箱的斜齿，所以能承受更大的载荷，且传输效率更高，这类变速箱对驾驶人员的技术要求较高，要求有精准的换挡时机，所以经常用于赛车，优化改良后用于高性能跑车，经常搭载在宝马M系列上(如今已被DSG取代)。

This type of gearbox can withstand larger loads and has higher transmission efficiency due to its straight tooth design instead of the helical teeth of a manual gearbox. It requires higher technical requirements for drivers and precise shifting timing, so it is often used in racing cars and optimized for high-performance sports cars. It is often mounted on the BMW M series (now replaced by DSG).

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