变速箱是汽车最重要的零件之一，但它不是由一个零件组成的。今天我就详细介绍一下变速箱的结构和组成。接下来，我们来看看市面上常见的三种变速器的工作原理及其结构。

The gearbox is one of the most important parts of a car, but it is not composed of a single component. Today, I will provide a detailed introduction to the structure and composition of the gearbox. Next, let's take a look at the working principles and structures of three common transmissions on the market.

手动变速器结构

Manual transmission structure

手动变速器是指只有用手拨动变速杆才能改变传动比。手动变速箱结构主要由壳体、传动部件(输入输出轴、齿轮、同步器等)组成。)和控制部件(变速杆、拨叉等。).手动变速器的工作原理是通过换挡杆，切换中间轴上的主动齿轮，通过不同的齿轮组合与动力输出轴结合，来改变驱动轮的扭矩和转速。

A manual transmission refers to a gear ratio that can only be changed by manually shifting the gear lever. The structure of a manual gearbox mainly consists of a housing and transmission components (input and output shafts, gears, synchronizers, etc.) And control components (shift lever, fork, etc.) The working principle of a manual transmission is to switch the driving gear on the intermediate shaft through the shift lever, and combine different gear combinations with the power output shaft to change the torque and speed of the driving wheels.

自动变速器结构

Automatic transmission structure

目前自动变速器一般都是液力变矩器式自动变速器，也就是俗称的“AT”自动变速器。它主要由两部分组成：1 .液力变矩器与发动机飞轮连接。2.液力变矩器后面的传动机构。液力变矩器一般由泵叶轮、定子叶轮、涡轮和锁止离合器组成。锁止离合器用于在车速超过一定速度时，将发动机与传动机构直接连接，可以降低油耗。

At present, automatic transmissions are generally hydraulic torque converter automatic transmissions, commonly known as "AT" automatic transmissions. It mainly consists of two parts: 1 The hydraulic torque converter is connected to the engine flywheel. 2. The transmission mechanism behind the hydraulic torque converter. A hydraulic torque converter is generally composed of a pump impeller, a stator impeller, a turbine, and a lockup clutch. The lock up clutch is used to directly connect the engine to the transmission mechanism when the vehicle speed exceeds a certain limit, which can reduce fuel consumption.

自动手动变速器结构

Structure of automatic manual transmission

手自一体变速器其实就是电控液压自动变速器。硬件方面，变速杆的中控台下方只增加了三个传感器，分别是升档传感器、降档传感器和手动模式传感器。在软件方面，在控制系统中加入了一些手动控制程序。传感器用于检测变速箱是否处于手动模式，并接收升档或降档信号。控制系统根据升档或降档信号控制变速器的升档或降档。

The automatic transmission is actually an electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission. In terms of hardware, only three sensors have been added below the center console of the gear lever, namely the upshift sensor, downshift sensor, and manual mode sensor. In terms of software, some manual control programs have been added to the control system. Sensors are used to detect whether the gearbox is in manual mode and receive upshift or downshift signals. The control system controls the upshift or downshift of the transmission based on the upshift or downshift signal.

从这个角度来说，以上三种变速箱虽然都属于变速箱，但是工作原理和硬件都不一样。如果我们对比手动挡和自动挡，会发现手动挡的操控部件更多，主要是因为手动挡更依赖车主自己的操控技术。

From this perspective, although all three types of gearboxes belong to gearboxes, their working principles and hardware are different. If we compare manual transmission and automatic transmission, we will find that manual transmission has more control components, mainly because manual transmission relies more on the owner's own control skills.