自动变速箱的诞生，极大简化了驾驶操作，提升了驾乘体验。随着技术进步，自动变速箱类型日益多样，下面就来认识常见的几种。

The birth of automatic transmissions greatly simplifies driving operations and enhances the driving experience. With the advancement of technology, the types of automatic transmissions are becoming increasingly diverse. Below are some common ones.

液力自动变速箱（AT）

Hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT)

工作原理与结构

Working principle and structure

AT 历史悠久、应用广泛。它由液力变矩器、行星齿轮机构和液压控制系统构成。液力变矩器靠液体动能传递动力，缓冲换挡冲击；行星齿轮机构通过齿轮组合实现挡位变换；液压控制系统依据车速、油门信号自动换挡。

AT has a long history and wide applications. It consists of a hydraulic torque converter, a planetary gear mechanism, and a hydraulic control system. The hydraulic torque converter relies on liquid kinetic energy to transmit power and buffer shifting impact; The planetary gear mechanism achieves gear shift through gear combination; The hydraulic control system automatically shifts gears based on vehicle speed and throttle signals.

特点与应用

characteristics and application

AT 换挡平顺、可靠性强，能承受大扭矩，多应用于中高端车型与大型 SUV，如宝马、奔驰部分车型采用 8 速或 9 速 AT。但它结构复杂、成本高，传动效率低，燃油经济性欠佳。

AT has smooth shifting, strong reliability, and can withstand high torque. It is widely used in mid to high end models and large SUVs, such as some BMW and Mercedes Benz models that use 8-speed or 9-speed ATs. But it has a complex structure, high cost, low transmission efficiency, and poor fuel economy.

双离合变速箱（DSG）

Dual clutch transmission (DSG)

工作原理与结构

Working principle and structure

DSG 基于手动变速箱研发，有两组离合器，分别控制奇数挡和偶数挡，换挡时两组离合器快速切换。DSG 分干式和湿式，前者靠空气散热，结构简单、成本低；后者借助油液散热，散热佳、能承受大扭矩 。

DSG is based on the development of manual transmissions and has two sets of clutches, which control odd and even gears respectively. When shifting gears, the two sets of clutches quickly switch. DSG is divided into dry and wet types, with the former relying on air cooling, having a simple structure and low cost; The latter utilizes oil to dissipate heat, with excellent heat dissipation and the ability to withstand high torque.

特点与应用

characteristics and application

DSG 换挡快、传动效率高，加速与燃油经济性出色，大众多款车型广泛应用。不过，干式 DSG 低速易顿挫，离合器片磨损快；湿式 DSG 虽可靠性高，但成本也高。

DSG has fast gear shifting, high transmission efficiency, excellent acceleration and fuel economy, and is widely used in multiple Volkswagen models. However, dry DSG is prone to jerking at low speeds and the clutch plates wear out quickly; Although wet DSG has high reliability, its cost is also high.

无级变速箱（CVT）

Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

工作原理与结构

Working principle and structure

CVT 用钢带或链条连接可变直径滑轮，通过改变滑轮直径实现传动比连续变化，让换挡过程无顿挫，加速线性。

CVT uses steel belts or chains to connect variable diameter pulleys, and by changing the diameter of the pulleys, the transmission ratio can be continuously changed, allowing for seamless shifting and linear acceleration.

特点与应用

characteristics and application

CVT 换挡平顺，驾驶舒适性好，能提升燃油经济性，日产、本田许多车型都有搭载。但高负荷时钢带或链条易打滑，限制其在高性能车型上的应用，维修成本也较高。

CVT has smooth gear shifting, good driving comfort, and can improve fuel economy. It is equipped in many models of Nissan and Honda. However, steel belts or chains are prone to slipping under high loads, limiting their application in high-performance vehicle models and resulting in higher maintenance costs.

电控机械自动变速箱（AMT）

Electronic Mechanical Automatic Transmission (AMT)

工作原理与结构

Working principle and structure

AMT 由手动变速箱改造而来，保留齿轮传动机构，通过电子系统控制换挡与离合器操作，取消了离合器踏板。

AMT is modified from a manual gearbox, retaining the gear transmission mechanism and controlling gear shifting and clutch operation through an electronic system, eliminating the clutch pedal.

特点：AMT 结构简单、成本低、传动效率高，在商用车和经济型轿车中应用广泛。但换挡时动力中断明显，驾驶舒适性差，在乘用车市场应用受限。

Features: AMT has a simple structure, low cost, and high transmission efficiency, and is widely used in commercial vehicles and economy sedans. However, the power interruption during gear shifting is significant and the driving comfort is poor, which limits its application in the passenger car market.

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